Literature Review of Associationof Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Background: The association between physical activity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has been a focal point of research for several decades, highlighting the critical role of exercise in managing and preventing this prevalent metabolic disorder. Literature Review: The early work by (Bracken & Stephens, 1970) established the foundational understanding of how physical exercise complements non-insulin glucose-lowering therapies, particularly metformin, to enhance insulin sensitivity. This was further supported by (Al-Safi Ismail et al., 2004), who demonstrated significant improvements in metabolic control through structured exercise in overweight and uncontrolled diabetic patients. The emphasis on tailored exercise programs was echoed in subsequent studies, including the 2011 review by (Teixeira-Lemos et al., 2011), which underscored the preventative role of moderate-intensity exercise in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing oxidative stress. Long-term effects of exercise were highlighted by (Najafipour et al., 2017), who showed that regular physical activity significantly enhances glycemic control and reduces cardiovascular risk factors. This aligns with the holistic perspective presented by (Cannata et al., 2020), advocating for a combination of diet, exercise, and pharmacotherapy to optimize metabolic control. The bibliometric analysis conducted by (Zhang et al., 2022) reinforced the effectiveness of structured exercise programs, particularly those combining aerobic and resistance training, in improving HbA1c levels. Conclusions: Overall, the literature consistently identifies physical activity as a vital component in the management and prevention of T2DM, advocating for structured exercise programs, multidisciplinary approaches, and individualized care strategies. This comprehensive view underscores the need for enhanced education among healthcare providers to better integrate lifestyle modifications into diabetes management protocols