Fibromuscular Dysplasia and Its Neurologic Manifestations

Abstract

Background: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is recognized as a significant vascular disorder that predominantly affects medium-sized arteries, with notable implications for neurologic health. The literature reveals that FMD is characterized by non-atherosclerotic and non-inflammatory changes, which can lead to a spectrum of neurologic manifestations, particularly involving the cervicocephalic arteries. Literature Review: The foundational work by (Arning & Grzyska, 2004) highlights the critical role of the internal carotid artery (ICA) in FMD, noting that it is often implicated in transient ischemic attacks and cerebral infarctions, alongside nonspecific symptoms such as headaches and vertigo. This establishes a baseline understanding of FMD's neurologic implications, which is further expanded by case studies such as that presented by (Altun et al., 2013), where central retinal artery occlusion was associated with FMD, illustrating the heterogeneous nature of the disease and its varied clinical presentations. Diagnostic challenges related to FMD are highlighted by (Yiek, 2021), who emphasizes the reliance on imaging techniques for accurate identification. The article stresses that while renal artery involvement is prevalent, cervicocephalic manifestations can lead to serious complications, necessitating vigilant diagnostic practices. This is further supported by (Fujiwara et al., 2022), who presents a case of intracerebral hemorrhage linked to FMD, despite normal angiographic findings, thereby challenging conventional diagnostic expectations. Conclusion: In conclusion, the literature collectively underscores the complexity of fibromuscular dysplasia and its neurologic manifestations. The critical importance of early detection, comprehensive evaluation, and tailored management strategies is evident across studies. Clinicians are urged to maintain a high level of suspicion for FMD in patients presenting with unexplained neurologic symptoms, as timely intervention can significantly impact patient outcomes.