Multi-Level Biomarkers for Ischaemic Stroke Early Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: This study aims to provide multi-level biomarkers for ischaemic stroke early diagnosis. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review focused exclusively on full-text articles published in English between 2014 and 2024. Result: The study conducted a comprehensive review of over 100 publications sourced from reputable databases, including ScienceDirect, SagePub, and PubMed. Following an initial screening, eight publications were identified as warranting more in-depth analysis. Consequently, a thorough review of these selected studies was performed to ensure a detailed and rigorous evaluation. Conclusion: A summarized framework for the future creation of IS diagnostic biomarkers has been built by this study. This platform comprises a list of unbiased omics biomarkers, a list of the highest reported diagnostic performance biomarkers, a list of potential BPs where diagnostic biomarkers are most likely to be found, and an examination of the problems from past studies and potential directions for future research. When administering intravenous thrombolysis to IS patients at pre-hospital settings within 4.5 hours of the onset of symptoms, GFAP may serve as a useful biomarker. These results lay the groundwork for further studies that may significantly influence the improvement of IS management.