A Decade-Long Systematic Review of Osteoporosis and Fracture Risk : A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis, a systemic skeletal disorder, is characterized by the degeneration of bone microarchitecture and reduced bone mass, which significantly increase fragility and fracture susceptibility. The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) has played a pivotal role in shaping clinical decision-making and guiding intervention levels for osteoporosis. Methods: In adherence to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review focused on full-text English-language articles published between 2014 and 2024. Result: The review process evaluated over 18,000 publications from reputable sources, including ScienceDirect, SagePub, and PubMed. After an initial screening, eight key publications were selected for in-depth review. Conclusion: The reviewed studies confirm that osteoporosis significantly elevates fracture risk, with FRAX and Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing being essential tools for assessing this risk, particularly in women. Although bone anabolic treatments have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing fracture risk, the overall certainty of these findings remains low due to the limited number of studies available. Further research is needed to solidify these results and enhance treatment strategies.