The Analysis Study of Malignant Predictive CDKN2A/p16INK4a Expression in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: A Comprehensive Systematic Review

Abstract

Background: The inactivation of p16INK4a has been identified as an early event in OSCC development. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evidence on p16INK4a expression as a predictive biomarker for the malignant transformation of OPMDs. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this systematic review focused exclusively on full-text articles published in English between 2014 and 2024. Result: The study conducted a comprehensive review of over 100 publications sourced from reputable databases, including ScienceDirect, SagePub, and PubMed. Following an initial screening, eight publications were identified as warranting more in-depth analysis. Consequently, a thorough review of these selected studies was performed to ensure a detailed and rigorous evaluation. Conclusion: Oral lichenoid conditions show a 1.07% malignant transformation rate, with elevated risks in erosive-type OLP, OLL, and LMD. Major risk factors include smoking, alcohol use, and HCV infection, underscoring the need for refined diagnostic and management approaches.