Association of Metformin with the Development of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

Background: The literature surrounding the association of metformin with the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly as the aging population continues to grow. Literature Review: The exploration by (Hsu et al., 2021) highlights metformin's potential neuroprotective effects, suggesting that it may mitigate retinal cell damage through various mechanisms, including autophagy and oxidative stress regulation. This is further supported by (Hwang et al., 2023), which finds a significant association between metformin use and a reduced risk of developing AMD among diabetic patients. The robust methodology employed in their study enhances the reliability of these findings, although it does not establish causality. Furthermore, the review by (Moir et al., 2024) specifically addresses the relationship between metformin and new-onset geographic atrophy, a severe form of AMD, underlining the necessity for further investigation into this association. In addition to its implications for retinal health, the literature also discusses metformin's broader potential as a geroprotective agent, as noted by (M. C. Top et al., 2022). This perspective aligns with the increasing interest in interventions that can mitigate age-related decline and promote healthy aging. Conclusion: Overall, the literature presents a compelling case for the potential benefits of metformin in the context of age-related diseases, including AMD. While the evidence suggests a protective association, further research, particularly longitudinal and randomized controlled trials, is warranted to clarify the mechanisms involved and establish causality.